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        <y>-28.5</y>
        <text>The CCS 
Value Chain</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The CCS</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Value Chain</FONT>
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        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>CO2 sources</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CO2 sources</FONT>
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        <text>Process design</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Process design</FONT>
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        <x>-76.9</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>CO2 separation</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CO2 separation</FONT>
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        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Compression</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Compression</FONT>
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        <x>-72.55</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Transportation</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Transportation</FONT>
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        <x>-38.6</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Storage</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Storage</FONT>
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    <object id="9" padding="1.2" r="-30.39923099735065" s="1.353630213071295" type="label" x="-3103.1" y="-856.2">
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        <x>-56.6</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Monitoring</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Monitoring</FONT>
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        <alpha>0.3</alpha>
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        <w>162</w>
        <h>120</h>
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      <type>but2</type>
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    <object id="28" padding="1.2" r="0" s="0.560928463935852" type="label" x="-1431.1" y="-483.15">
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        <x>-198.45</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Carbon Capture and Storage Technology</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Carbon Capture and Storage Technology</FONT>
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        <x>-118.45</x>
        <y>-28.75</y>
        <text>Energy Policy Advisor
bjorn@bellona.no</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Energy Policy Advisor</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">bjorn@bellona.no</FONT>
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        <x>-69.8</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>Bjørn Utgård</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Bjørn Utgård</FONT>
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        <x>-74.5</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>January 2009</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">January 2009</FONT>
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        <x>-157.8</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Concepts, strategies and outlook</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Concepts, strategies and outlook</FONT>
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    <object id="44" padding="1.2" r="-15.928582832796176" s="0.35353548430408904" type="label" x="-2578.6" y="-1205.1">
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        <x>-94.1</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Process parameters</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Process parameters</FONT>
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    <object id="46" padding="1.2" r="-16.1123123706759" s="0.1835492264392861" type="label" x="-2572.55" y="-1185.1">
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        <x>-137.05</x>
        <y>-82.25</y>
        <text>Mass flow
Temperature
Pressure
Chemical composition
Capture rate
Purity requirement</text>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Mass flow</FONT>
            </LI>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Temperature</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Pressure</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Chemical composition</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Capture rate</FONT>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Purity requirement</FONT>
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        <x>-287.5</x>
        <y>-149.1</y>
        <text>Capturing CO2 from flue gas after combustion at atmospheric pressure 
Wide range of applications in operation
Industrial manufacturing
Refinery and fuel transformation
Gas processing

      Well-suited for retrofitting
      Does not interfer with existing process

      Lower separation efficiency</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Capturing CO2 from flue gas after combustion at atmospheric pressure</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Wide range of applications in operation</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Industrial manufacturing</FONT>
            </LI>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Refinery and fuel transformation</FONT>
            </LI>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Gas processing</FONT>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Well-suited for retrofitting</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Does not interfer with existing process</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Lower separation efficiency</FONT>
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        <w>575.05</w>
        <h>298.25</h>
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        <x>-120.8</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Post-combustion capture</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Post-combustion capture</FONT>
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        <x>-116.15</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Pre-combustion capture</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Pre-combustion capture</FONT>
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        <x>-59.9</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Oxyfuelling</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Oxyfuelling</FONT>
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        <x>-335.5</x>
        <y>-149.1</y>
        <text>Removing CO2 from shifted syngas before combustion
In commercial use in the chemical industry (ex: hydrogen and ammonia production from hydrocarbon feedstocks)
Typical energy process design: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power plants

          High separation efficiency
          Lower operating costs

          Reliability concerns due to integrated process
          Not well-suited for retrofitting</text>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Removing CO2 from shifted syngas before combustion</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">In commercial use in the chemical industry (ex: hydrogen and ammonia production from hydrocarbon feedstocks)</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Typical energy process design: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power plants</FONT>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">High separation efficiency</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Lower operating costs</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Reliability concerns due to integrated process</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Not well-suited for retrofitting</FONT>
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        <w>671.05</w>
        <h>298.25</h>
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        <x>-312.55</x>
        <y>-122.35</y>
        <text>Combusting hydrocarbons in pure oxygen
Oxygen produced in an air separation unit (ASU)
Result: 70-85% CO2 in flue gas, avoiding the need for CO2 separation

       Well-suited for retrofitting
       Also dramatically reduces SOx and NOx emissions

       Less large-scale experience than alternatives</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Combusting hydrocarbons in pure oxygen</FONT>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Oxygen produced in an air separation unit (ASU)</FONT>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Result: 70-85% CO2 in flue gas, avoiding the need for CO2 separation</FONT>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Well-suited for retrofitting</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Also dramatically reduces SOx and NOx emissions</FONT>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Less large-scale experience than alternatives</FONT>
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        <w>625.15</w>
        <h>244.75</h>
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        <x>-29.95</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Cases</text>
        <htmlText>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Cases</FONT>
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        <x>-169.35</x>
        <y>-28.75</y>
        <text>Pre-combustion Capture
Puertollano IGCC plant, Spain</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Pre-combustion Capture</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Puertollano IGCC plant, Spain</FONT>
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        <w>338.75</w>
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        <x>-155</x>
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Schwartze Pumpe, Germany</text>
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Mongstad, Norway</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Cryogenic distillation</FONT>
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        <text>Separation driven by difference in reactivity between CO2 and other gases, creating strong bonds between solvent and CO2
CO2 is then separated from the solvent by means of heat (steam)
Chemical absorption by means of amine solvents is the most commonly used technology today
Applicable for both pre- and post-combustion</text>
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              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Separation driven by difference in reactivity between CO2 and other gases, creating strong bonds between solvent and CO2</FONT>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CO2 is then separated from the solvent by means of heat (steam)</FONT>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Chemical absorption by means of amine solvents is the most commonly used technology today</FONT>
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              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Applicable for both pre- and post-combustion</FONT>
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        <h>218</h>
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        <x>-272.15</x>
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        <text>Separation driven by the ability of a material to let a chemical compound through (solubility, diffusivity, concentration, electric potential, etc)
Large range of possible designs and applications
Currently used for both small and large scale gas separation
Facilitated transport membranes made by composite materials promise high flux combined with high CO2 selectivity</text>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Separation driven by the ability of a material to let a chemical compound through (solubility, diffusivity, concentration, electric potential, etc)</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Large range of possible designs and applications</FONT>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Currently used for both small and large scale gas separation</FONT>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Facilitated transport membranes made by composite materials promise high flux combined with high CO2 selectivity</FONT>
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        <w>544.3</w>
        <h>271.5</h>
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        <x>-269.15</x>
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        <text>Separation driven by differing thermodynamic properties
The gas mixture is liquefied through cooling and compression, allowing separation to happen in a distillation column
In commercial use for various applications 
Applicable for both pre-combustion and oxyfueling (separating oxygen from air)</text>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Separation driven by differing thermodynamic properties</FONT>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The gas mixture is liquefied through cooling and compression, allowing separation to happen in a distillation column</FONT>
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              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">In commercial use for various applications</FONT>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Applicable for both pre-combustion and oxyfueling (separating oxygen from air)</FONT>
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        <w>538.35</w>
        <h>218</h>
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        <x>-247.9</x>
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Compression today makes out about 1/3 of energy penalty of CCS, expected to increase to 50% as compression technology is mature</text>
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        <h>137.75</h>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Shipping</FONT>
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        <x>-41.25</x>
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Lower economy of scale than for pipelines
Higher flexibility than pipelines
Good for early phase development
Gives commercial flexibility</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CO2 transportation by ship is an existing market, but at small scale</FONT>
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        <h>164.5</h>
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Absence of water important to avoid corrosion
Development of pipeline infrastructure takes long time
Engineering/construction
Regulatory/concession applications</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Large pipelines for transportation of CO2 in operation for EOR applications</FONT>
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        <h>111</h>
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Deep saline aquifers
Depleted oil/gas fields
Enhanced coal-bed methane recovery</text>
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        <text>Existing technologies are mostly developed for oil/gas exploration, such as seismic techniques
New techniques under development</text>
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        <h>111</h>
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        <x>-85.2</x>
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        <x>-89.2</x>
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        <text>Coal power plants</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Coal power plants</FONT>
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        <x>-65.6</x>
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            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Cement kilns</FONT>
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        <x>-91.45</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Iron/steel factories</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Iron/steel factories</FONT>
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        <x>-73.9</x>
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        <text>Pulp and paper</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Pulp and paper</FONT>
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        <x>-51.2</x>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Refineries</FONT>
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        <x>-52.6</x>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Chemicals</FONT>
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        <h>271</h>
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        <alpha>0.3</alpha>
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        <w>481</w>
        <h>423</h>
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        <alpha>0.3</alpha>
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        <w>456.55</w>
        <h>447.95</h>
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        <color>1</color>
        <alpha>0.3</alpha>
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      <size>
        <w>1172</w>
        <h>325</h>
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      <pref>
        <color>1</color>
        <alpha>0.3</alpha>
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      <size>
        <w>176</w>
        <h>151</h>
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        <x>-77.9</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Implementation</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Implementation</FONT>
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        <x>-309.65</x>
        <y>-28.75</y>
        <text>G8: build 20 full-scale capture projects proposed by 2016
EU: put aside funding for 10-12 demonstration plants</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">G8: build 20 full-scale capture projects proposed by 2016</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">EU: put aside funding for 10-12 demonstration plants</FONT>
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        </htmlText>
        <w>619.3</w>
        <h>57.5</h>
      </textfield>
    </object>
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        <x>-49.9</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Timelines</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Timelines</FONT>
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        </htmlText>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="269" padding="1.2" r="5.668468929756086" s="0.3722724299027206" type="label" x="-995.15" y="-503.3">
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        <x>-374.45</x>
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        <text>SINTEF:
Full-scale ramp-up from 2013-2015
Likely to se 10’s of plants by 2020 and 50-150 plants by 2030

Demonstration projects in planning
80-90 demonstration projects globally
Total amount of CO2 captured in ~2016: 
140 Mt/yr = 2,5 times Norway's current emissions

IEA ETP 2008, BLUE: 
CCS in 12 % of power generation by 2030, 30% by 2050 
27% of reductions in a 50% emission reduction scenario
~9 000 Mt/yr in 2050 = 300 large power or cement plants with CCS</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">SINTEF:</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Full-scale ramp-up from 2013-2015</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Likely to se 10’s of plants by 2020 and 50-150 plants by 2030</FONT>
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          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Demonstration projects in planning</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">80-90 demonstration projects globally</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Total amount of CO2 captured in ~2016:</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">140 Mt/yr = 2,5 times Norway's current emissions</FONT>
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          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">IEA ETP 2008, BLUE:</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CCS in 12 % of power generation by 2030, 30% by 2050</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">27% of reductions in a 50% emission reduction scenario</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">~9 000 Mt/yr in 2050 = 300 large power or cement plants with CCS</FONT>
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        <w>748.95</w>
        <h>351.75</h>
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    </object>
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        <style>head</style>
        <x>-105.5</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Political commitment</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Political commitment</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="285" r="-0.08832352056739562" s="0.18758779700992043" type="image" x="-2912" y="1624.2">
      <source alpha="1" h="572" w="1749">1232379556405.PNG</source>
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    <object id="288" padding="1.2" r="-0.4565053032682529" s="0.8529456978215806" type="label" x="-2809.65" y="1800.5">
      <textfield>
        <style>head</style>
        <x>-145.8</x>
        <y>-28.5</y>
        <text>How to use the presentation? Click here!</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">How to use the presentation? Click here!</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
        <w>291.6</w>
        <h>57</h>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="290" padding="1.2" r="-0.2558214568555207" s="0.2130705643946385" type="label" x="-2852.7" y="1850.05">
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-216.75</x>
        <y>-95.6</y>
        <text>Start by clicking the right arrow at the bottom right corner 
Click on any object (frame, text, picture) to zoom in on it
Zoom in/out by scrolling the mouse
The presention will continue from any point by clicking the right arrow</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Start by clicking the right arrow at the bottom right corner</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Click on any object (frame, text, picture) to zoom in on it</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Zoom in/out by scrolling the mouse</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The presention will continue from any point by clicking the right arrow</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
        <w>433.5</w>
        <h>191.25</h>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="292" padding="1.2" r="-0.3037237148898507" s="3.019781579401551" type="label" x="-996.25" y="2900.7">
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>1986</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">1986</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="296" padding="1.2" r="0.3883872113916591" s="2.094125460953424" type="label" x="-719.5" y="2899.4">
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>1991</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">1991</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="297" padding="1.2" r="0.4901782277654762" s="3.365300071653121" type="label" x="-636.25" y="3110.85">
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>1992</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">1992</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="298" padding="1.2" r="0.8455385124963917" s="8.092027601170091" type="label" x="-199.25" y="3354">
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>1997</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">1997</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="300" padding="1.2" r="0.21190546452385384" s="3.4219339278340986" type="label" x="190.4" y="2860.8">
      <textfield>
        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>2000</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">2000</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="302" padding="1.2" r="-90.49381092996038" s="2.9057063203408324" type="label" x="287.4" y="3235.8">
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>2005</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">2005</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="305" padding="1.2" r="-0.06872504256022997" s="3.411120246000648" type="label" x="666.65" y="3170.15">
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-31.8</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>2008</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">2008</FONT>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
        <w>63.6</w>
        <h>30.75</h>
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    </object>
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        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>2015</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">2015</FONT>
          </P>
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      </textfield>
    </object>
    <object id="308" padding="1.2" r="-0.08240891355376172" s="6.497840449917026" type="label" x="1736.3" y="3178.4">
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        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>2020</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">2020</FONT>
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        <x>-260.8</x>
        <y>-68.85</y>
        <text>SINTEF scientists Erik Lindeberg and Torleif Holt launch the idea of creating gas power plants in Norway with carbon capture and storage. 
The aim: producing CO2-free power while supplying gas for Enhanced Oil Recovery</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="CENTER">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">SINTEF scientists Erik Lindeberg and Torleif Holt launch the idea of creating gas power plants in Norway with carbon capture and storage.</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="CENTER">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The aim: producing CO2-free power while supplying gas for Enhanced Oil Recovery</FONT>
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        <w>521.65</w>
        <h>137.75</h>
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        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>1972</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">1972</FONT>
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    <object id="320" padding="1.2" r="-0.08240890822432231" s="0.27112810045983454" type="label" x="-1698" y="3198.85">
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        <x>-222.1</x>
        <y>-28.75</y>
        <text>Texas: First injection of CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Texas: First injection of CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)</FONT>
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        </htmlText>
        <w>444.2</w>
        <h>57.5</h>
      </textfield>
    </object>
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        <text>Norsk Hydro plans to build a 700 MW gas fired power plant. Overcapacity in power production in Norway put an end to the project</text>
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        <text>Bellona takes a practical, technology-optimistic and industrial approach to meeting the commitments made in Rio de Janeiro, and discovers Carbon Capture and Storage 
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        <text>Bellona also establishes office in Brussels to lobby for political action on climate change. At the time, Bellona is the only green voice advocating Carbon Capture and Storage as part of the solution to climate change.</text>
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        <text>The Bondevik government refuses to allow the construction of gas power plants without carbon capture and storage, and calls for a vote of confidence

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        <text>January 2008: The European Commission launches the EU climate package
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Decision on burden sharing
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        <text>Sorting out who will be responsible for what
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Adapting existing policy  to accommodate capture, transport and storage of CO2

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        <text>CO2 captured and stored is concidered not emitted. In the long run (2025-2030), it is expected that the price of emission credits and cost of CCS will meet. When this happens, CCS is concidered commercially mature.</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CO2 captured and stored is concidered not emitted. In the long run (2025-2030), it is expected that the price of emission credits and cost of CCS will meet. When this happens, CCS is concidered commercially mature.</FONT>
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        <text>Financial support to encourage early movers</text>
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        <text>Substantial industrial experience exist for all individual parts of the CCS value chain, but large-scale experience is very limited. 
Demonstration at near-commercial scale needed to discover cost and gain financial and technical confidence.
Learning effect of demonstration program is higher when the demonstration programme is carried out at the European level.

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Revenues from auctioning of 300 million emission credits earmarked to finance 10-12 demonstration plants
Projects are being developed across Europe</text>
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              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Demonstration at near-commercial scale needed to discover cost and gain financial and technical confidence.</FONT>
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              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Revenues from auctioning of 300 million emission credits earmarked to finance 10-12 demonstration plants</FONT>
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        <h>325</h>
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              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">A clear, unambiguous, technology-neutral signal to industry and investors</FONT>
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        <text>Status: 
The proposal passed the environmental committee of the European Parliament, but only NL and DK supported it in the European Council
New chance in the treatment of the IPPC regulative (regulating large emitters) during Swedish presidency</text>
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        <text>people in the world</text>
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        <text>December 12, 2008: The climate package passes the European Council. Formal processes implementing the regulations into European and MS law under way in first months of 2009.</text>
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        <x>-28.6</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>2010</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">2010</FONT>
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        <x>-207.85</x>
        <y>-122.35</y>
        <text>Projects to be selected for 
EU Demonstration program
Selection criteria:
Different types of sources (including industry)
Different types of capture
Different types of transportation
Different types of storage
Geographical spread</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Projects to be selected for</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">EU Demonstration program</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Selection criteria:</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Different types of sources (including industry)</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Different types of capture</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Different types of transportation</FONT>
            </LI>
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            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Different types of storage</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Geographical spread</FONT>
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        <w>415.7</w>
        <h>244.75</h>
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        <h>394</h>
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    <object id="528" r="-0.08240890674034028" s="0.2179422248667947" type="image" x="585.45" y="3365.6">
      <source alpha="1" h="513" w="800">EU_bodies_.png</source>
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    <object id="530" r="8.07697621811183" s="0.7257708082468697" type="image" x="-12799.9" y="284.55">
      <source alpha="1" h="769" w="1271">bellona_scenario.png</source>
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    <object id="542" r="-0.08240890790609158" s="0.7961681375794553" type="image" x="1587.65" y="2719.5">
      <source alpha="1" h="468" w="645">algae_farm.png</source>
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        <text>CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere by growing biomass
Biomass partially or completely replaces fossil fuels in energy or industrial plants 
CO2 produced in combustion is captured and stored
Existing technologies can be used, new are under development
IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 BLUE: 3% of needed reductions in 2050 (and increasing thereafter)

CCS enhances the renewable energy society</text>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere by growing biomass</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Biomass partially or completely replaces fossil fuels in energy or industrial plants</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CO2 produced in combustion is captured and stored</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Existing technologies can be used, new are under development</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 BLUE: 3% of needed reductions in 2050 (and increasing thereafter)</FONT>
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          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CCS enhances the renewable energy society</FONT>
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        <w>708.3</w>
        <h>271.5</h>
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        <x>-140.3</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>Carbon negative solutions</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Carbon negative solutions</FONT>
          </P>
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-101.75</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>Likely 15-30 plants</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Likely 15-30 plants</FONT>
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    </object>
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        <x>-75.8</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>Controversies</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Controversies</FONT>
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        <x>-304.55</x>
        <y>-82.25</y>
        <text>"CCS is used as an excuse for building new coal power"
True! Therefore we need to mandate CCS on new plants ASAP. An EPS would solve this.
At the same time, supply of cheap, secure energy is a top political priority in all countries
Coal is abundant all over the world</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">"CCS is used as an excuse for building new coal power"</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">True! Therefore we need to mandate CCS on new plants ASAP. An EPS would solve this.</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">At the same time, supply of cheap, secure energy is a top political priority in all countries</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Coal is abundant all over the world</FONT>
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        </htmlText>
        <w>609.1</w>
        <h>164.5</h>
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-306.7</x>
        <y>-68.85</y>
        <text>"CCS takes focus away from renewable energy
The renewable energy potential is tremendous, but supply takes time to build up
We have no time to lose - we must do everything possible, NOW!</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">"CCS takes focus away from renewable energy</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The renewable energy potential is tremendous, but supply takes time to build up</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">We have no time to lose - we must do everything possible, NOW!</FONT>
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        <w>613.4</w>
        <h>137.75</h>
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        <x>-299.4</x>
        <y>-68.85</y>
        <text>"CCS is used as a means to greenwash fossil energy and claim that it is sustainable"
True! But CCS is not only applicable to fossil energy
CCS applied to bioenergy applications enhances the renewable era</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">"CCS is used as a means to greenwash fossil energy and claim that it is sustainable"</FONT>
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          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">True! But CCS is not only applicable to fossil energy</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">CCS applied to bioenergy applications enhances the renewable era</FONT>
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        <w>598.85</w>
        <h>137.75</h>
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        <x>-290</x>
        <y>-109</y>
        <text>"CCS may be needed in the industry in the future, but is no option in the short run"
The world's first large industry CCS project could be running in Sweden by 2015, reducing national emissions by up to 10 %
The technology will only be available in the future if effort is spent now on demonstrating the technology</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">"CCS may be needed in the industry in the future, but is no option in the short run"</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The world's first large industry CCS project could be running in Sweden by 2015, reducing national emissions by up to 10 %</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The technology will only be available in the future if effort is spent now on demonstrating the technology</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
        <w>580</w>
        <h>218</h>
      </textfield>
    </object>
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-290.3</x>
        <y>-68.85</y>
        <text>"CCS is not going to be mature in the near future"
But: Industry is confident, and about 80 CCS projects have been announced worldwide, capturing more than 100 million tonnes by 2015
The missing link is the policy to make it happen</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">"CCS is not going to be mature in the near future"</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">But: Industry is confident, and about 80 CCS projects have been announced worldwide, capturing more than 100 million tonnes by 2015</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The missing link is the policy to make it happen</FONT>
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        <w>580.6</w>
        <h>137.75</h>
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        <style>head</style>
        <x>-144.45</x>
        <y>-15.25</y>
        <text>Why capture and store CO2?</text>
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          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#222222" FACE="LiberationSerif-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Why capture and store CO2?</FONT>
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        <x>-69.8</x>
        <y>-15.35</y>
        <text>Bjørn Utgård</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Bjørn Utgård</FONT>
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        <x>-129</x>
        <y>-28.75</y>
        <text>Energy policy advisor
The Bellona Foundation</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Energy policy advisor</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The Bellona Foundation</FONT>
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        <h>437</h>
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        <h>132</h>
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        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-95.9</x>
        <y>-55.5</y>
        <text>Thank you!

bjorn@bellona.no
www.bellona.no</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Thank you!</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">bjorn@bellona.no</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">www.bellona.no</FONT>
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        <h>217</h>
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      <source alpha="1" h="729" w="1373">world_map.png</source>
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    <object id="426" r="20.086149886293157" s="0.2749761305692286" type="image" x="5342.8" y="-2666.95">
      <source alpha="1" h="373" w="209">Swedish_sources.png</source>
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        <x>-54.6</x>
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        <text>SWEDEN</text>
        <htmlText>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">SWEDEN</FONT>
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      <textfield>
        <style>strong</style>
        <x>-256.95</x>
        <y>-149.1</y>
        <text>23Mt/yr from 14 sources of more than 1Mt
Accounts for 35% of total Swedish emissions
What other options are there for industry CO2 emissions?
Need a debate on industry emissions

Industry’s long-term competitiveness will depend on carbon-intensity
The world's cleanest production
A large industry in the making</text>
        <htmlText>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">23Mt/yr from 14 sources of more than 1Mt</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Accounts for 35% of total Swedish emissions</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">What other options are there for industry CO2 emissions?</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Need a debate on industry emissions</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="LEFT">
            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Industry’s long-term competitiveness will depend on carbon-intensity</FONT>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">The world's cleanest production</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
          <P ALIGN="left">
            <LI>
              <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">A large industry in the making</FONT>
            </LI>
          </P>
        </htmlText>
        <w>513.95</w>
        <h>298.25</h>
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        <text>Global weirding is already having devastating effects on livelihoods and ecosystems across the planet</text>
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        <text>IEA business as usual: 130% increase in CO2 emissions to 2050</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">IEA business as usual: 130% increase in CO2 emissions to 2050</FONT>
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        <text>The financial crisis will seem like a party compared to the impacts of climate change</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">6,600,000,000</FONT>
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        <text>people in the world</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">people in the world</FONT>
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        <text>80% live on less than 3 $/day</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">80% live on less than 3 $/day</FONT>
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        <x>-95.9</x>
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        <text>Thank you!

bjorn@bellona.no
www.bellona.no</text>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">Thank you!</FONT>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24" />
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">bjorn@bellona.no</FONT>
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            <FONT COLOR="#666666" FACE="LiberationSans-Regular" KERNING="0" LETTERSPACING="0" SIZE="24">www.bellona.no</FONT>
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        <text>2009</text>
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        <x>-130.4</x>
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        <text>1930ies Economic crisis</text>
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        <text>supported by a decreasing resource base</text>
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www.bellona.org/ccs</text>
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